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Stimulus (psychology)
In psychology, a stimulus is an energy change (such as light or sound) which is registered by the senses. In behaviorism and related stimulus–response theories, a stimulus constitutes the basis for behavior, whereas it constitutes the basis for perception in perceptual psychology.〔"Stimulus". In: Richard L. Gregory (Ed.), ''The Oxford Companion to the Mind'', Oxford, N.Y.: Oxford University Press.〕 In this context, a distinction is made between the ''distal stimulus'' (the external, perceived object) and the ''proximal stimulus'' (the stimulation of sensory organs).〔http://www.learner.org/discoveringpsychology/07/e07glossary.html〕
In contemporary experimental psychology the term stimulus is usually used to describe the event or object to which a response is measured. Thus, not everything that is presented to participants qualifies as stimulus: For example, a fixation cross is not said to be a stimulus, because it merely serves to center participants' gaze at the center of the screen. Also, it is uncommon to refer to longer events (e.g. the Trier Social Stress Test) as a stimulus, even if a response to such an event is measured.
==History==
In the second half of the 19th century, the term ''stimulus'' was coined in psychophysics by defining the field as the "scientific study of the relation between stimulus and sensation". This may have led James J. Gibson to conclude that "whatever could be controlled by an experimenter and applied to an observer could be thought of as a stimulus" in early psychological studies with humans, while around the same time, the term stimulus described anything eliciting a reflex in animal research.〔Gibson, James J. (1960): "The Concept of the Stimulus in Psychology". ''American Psychologist'', 15, pp. 694–703, here p.694.〕
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